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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.

Adverb clauses of condition

These clauses are usually introduced by the conjunctions if, whether, provided that and so long as.

• If you heat ice, it melts.
• If it rains, we will not go out.
• You won’t pass unless you work hard.
• There will be no trouble provided that you keep your mouth shut.
• I will forgive you on condition that you don’t repeat the offence.

You will notice that the adverb clause of condition gives the circumstances under which the action in the main clause will take place.

Sometimes the conjunction if is omitted.
Compare:

• Were I you, I wouldn’t do it. (= If I were you, I would not do it.)

Adverb clause of purpose

the adverb clauses of purpose state the purpose of action mentioned in the main clause. They are usually introduced by the conjunctions that, in order that, so that and lest.
We eat that we may live.
She starved herself that her children might be fed.
I work hard so that I may pass my exam.
Put on your warm clothes lest you should catch a chill.
Adverb clauses of result or consequence
The adverb clauses of result or consequence state what has happened or what may happen as a result of the action in the main clause. They are usually introduced by the conjunction so that, so…that, such…that.
The famine was so severe that thousands died.
The soldiers fought so bravely that the enemy retreated in disarray.
She spoke in such a low voice that we could not hear her.
That is often omitted.
She was so weak she could hardly stand.
It was so hot we could not go out.

Adverb clauses of cause

The adverb clauses of cause give the reason for the activity mentioned in
the main clause. They are usually introduced by the conjunctions because,
since, as, inasmuch as and that.

• I sing because I enjoy singing.
• We left without him because he wasn’t ready.
• Since has has apologized we will take no further action against him.
• As he was not there I left a message with his sister.
• I am glad that you like it.
• He was furious that his novel was panned by most critics.

The conjunction that is often omitted.

• I am glad you like it.

The adverb clauses of degree answer the question ‘how much’, ‘how many’ or ‘how little’. They are usually introduced by the conjunctions as, so…as, as…as and than.

• He is older than he looks.
• No one can run faster than Peter.
• It is later than I thought.
• He is not so clever as you think.
• She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.
• He is much younger than you (are).
• It is not a bad price, as prices go these days.

The correlatives the…the may also introduce adverb clauses of degree or comparison.

• The higher you climb, the colder it gets.
• The more he earns the more he spends.
• The older you grow the wiser you become.

Adverb clauses of place

Adverb clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and wherever.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Put it where you can find it again.
They can stay wherever they want to.
Wherever you go I will follow you.
In older English, the conjunctions whence and wheresoever were also used to introduce adverb clauses of place.
I asked him whence he came.
Wheresoever we looked, we saw a whole army of black ants.
In colloquial English, everywhere is sometimes used for wherever.
Everywhere we went, we found the shops closed. (= Wherever we went, we found the shops closed.)

Adverb clauses of time

Adverb clauses of time are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions when, wherever, before, after, as, since, till, once, now that etc.

• After you have finished your work you can go home.
• Do it before it gets too late.
• As soon he heard the news he wrote to me.
• Don’t talk while the baby is sleeping.
• I have not been feeling well since I returned from Mumbai.
• Just as we entered the room, the clock struck five.

Notes

Once and now that are also sometimes used to introduce adverb clauses of time.

• Once you have made a decision, you must stick to it.
• Now that summer has come, we must buy another fan.

Kinds of adverb clauses

We have seen that an adverb clause is a subordinate clause which does the work of an adverb. It may, therefore, modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the main clause.

• Strike the iron while it is hot.
• You may do as you please.

There are very many kinds of adverb clauses;

1. Adverb clause of time
2. Adverb clause of place
3. Adverb clause of manner
4. Adverb clause of degree or comparison
5. Adverb clause of cause
6. Adverb clause of purpose
7. Adverb clause of result or consequence
8. Adverb clause of condition
9. Adverb clause of concession or supposition

Clauses

Read the following sentence:
The dog ran up when I whistled.
The sentence given above has two parts – the dog ran up and when I whistled. Each part has a subject and a predicate of its own and each makes complete sense. Such groups of words are called clauses.
Definition
A clause is a group of words which has a subject and predicate of its own. A
clause makes complete sense by itself and forms part of a larger sentence.
Kinds of clauses
There are three kinds of clauses – the noun clause, the adjective clause and the adverb clause. As their names suggest a noun clause does the work of a noun; an adjective clause does the work of an adjective and an adverb clause does the work of an adverb.

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